Usage of Adjective clause/Relative clause

Adjective/Relative clause:

Adjective যেমন বাক্যস্থিত Noun/Pronoun এর দোষ, গুণ, অবস্থা, সংখ্যা, পরিমান, ইত্যাদি বুঝায় অর্থাৎ Noun/Pronoun এর Modifier হিসেবে কাজ করে। তদ্রুপ Adjective Clause ও বাক্যস্থিত Noun/Pronoun গুলো সম্পর্কে বিভিন্ন তথ্যাদি দিয়ে থাকে। কিন্তু Adjective Clause গুলোও Adjective এর ন্যায় বাক্যের অন্য কোন অংশের সাথে সরাসরি সম্পর্কিত থাকে না। শুধু যে Noun/ Pronoun টিকে Modify করে তার মাধ্যমেই বাক্যের সাথে সম্পর্কিত হয়।

আবার Noun/Pronoun গুলো বাক্যের যে অবস্থানেই থাকুক না কেন সেখানেই Adjective Clause, Noun/ Pronoun কে Modify করতে পারে। Adjective Clause গুলোকে Relative Clause ও বলা হয়।

যেমন―

*The man can shine in life.  He works hard

→The man who works hard can shine in life.

*The mangoes are very sweet. They come from Rajshahi

→The mangoes which come from Rajshahi are sweet.

The water is polluted. It flows through the pipe
→ The water that flows through the pipe is polluted.

I know a man. He can speak three languages.

→  I know the man who can speak three languages.

The story is about a girl.

She destroyed an enemy camp at the time of war. 

→ The story is about a girl who destroyed an enemy camp

at the time of war. 

নিম্নে Adjective Clause এর প্রয়োগ নিয়ে বিস্তারিত আলোচনা করা হলো—  

Adjective clause is used in a complex sentence as the following ways:

a) as the qualifier/modifier of a subject,  

b) as the qualifier of an object/a complement,
c) as the qualifier of an object of a preposition,
and so on.

a) Adjective/ relative clause is used in a complex sentence as the qualifier/modifier of a subject.

RwUj ev‡K¨ subject Gi qualifier/ modifier wn‡m‡e Adjective clause e¨eüZ nq †hgb ―

1. The teacher who helped you last night is known to me.
গত রাতে যে শিক্ষক তোমায় সাহায্য করেছিল সে আমার পরিচিত।  

** এ বাক্যে Principal clause হলোঃ The teacher is known to me.

আবার Principal clause এর Subject, The teacher এর Modifier হিসেবে Adjective clause: who helped you last night বসেছে।

যা শিক্ষক সম্পর্কে পরিচিতি প্রদান করেছে।  আবার পরিচিতি প্রদানকারী  Adjective/Relative clause কে Defining Relative clause বলা হয় যা কমা দ্বারা Principal clause থেকে বিচ্ছিন্ন থাকে না।

যা ১ নং বাক্যে দেখা যাচ্ছে।

2. The man who is a teacher helped you last night.
যে লোকটি গতরাতে তোমায় সাহায্য করেছিলেন তিনি একজন শিক্ষক।

** এ বাক্যে Principal clause হলো―

The man helped you last night.     

আবার Principal clause এর Subject, The man এর Modifier হিসেবে Adjective/Relative clause: who is a teacher  বসেছে।

যা লোকটি কে সংজ্ঞায়িত করেছে অর্থাৎ লোকটির পরিচিতি তুলে ধরেছে।  আবার সংজ্ঞা বা পরিচিতি প্রদানকারী Adjective/Relative clause কে Defining Relative clause বলা হয়। যা Principal clause থেকে কমা দ্বারা বিচ্ছিন্ন থাকে না।

যা ২ নং বাক্যে দেখা যাচ্ছে। 

3. My brother Karim, who’s a doctor, lives in Canada.

আমার ভাই করিম যে একজন ডাক্তার কানাডায় বাস করে।

Principal clause: My brother Karim lives in Canada.

Adjective/Relative clause: who is a doctor (Non-defining clause) and it has modified the subject of Principal clause ‘My brother Karim’. এখানে My brother Karim, Subject এর পরিচিতি আগেই পেয়েছি তাই Relative clause টি ‘আমার ভাই করিম’ সম্পর্কে অতিরিক্ত তথ্য প্রদান করেছে। এইটি একটি Non-defining clause. তাই Relative clause টি বাক্যের মূল অংশ থেকে কমা দ্বারা বিচ্ছিন্ন থাকে। 3 নং বাক্যের মত।

 ― Raymond & Murphy and  Liz &John Soar

      (Defining & non-defining clause.)

         

4. Our teacher Mr. Sarawer, who taught us English, has left the country.
আমাদের শিক্ষক সারোয়ার সাহেব যিনি আমাদের ইংরেজি পড়াইতেন তিনি দেশ ছেড়ে চলে গেছেন।

Principal clause: Our teacher Mr. Sarawer has left the country.
Non-defining Adjective/Relative clause: who taught us English and it has modified the subject of Principal clause ‘The teacher’.  Non-defining Adjective/Relative clause টি এ বাক্যে দু’টি comma দ্বারা বিচ্ছিন্ন আছে।

5. The student who reads attentively can’t fail in the exam.
যে ছাত্র মনোযোগসহ পড়ে সে পরীক্ষায় ফেল করতে পারে না। 

Principal clause: The student can’t fail in the exam. 
Defining adjective/relative clause:  who reads attentively.  

And it has modified the subject of Principal clause ‘The student’. 

Explain the followings as above: 

6. The man who works hard can prosper in life.

7. The mangoes which come from Rajshahi are sweet.
8. The water that flows through the pipe is polluted.
9. The dead body which was found last night has been identified.

10. The dead body, which has been identified, was found last night.
11. The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
12. The machine which broke down yesterday has now been repaired.
13. Everything that happened was my fault.
14. The man who answered the phone told me you were away.
15. The waitress who served us was very impolite and impatience.
16. The people who were arrested have now been released.
17. The building which/that was destroyed in the fire has now been rebuilt.
18. The man who was arrested last night has now been released.
19. The man who lives next door is very friendly.
20. Anyone who wants to do the exam must enter before next Friday

Explanation:

6. The man who works hard can prosper in life.

যে লোক কঠোর পরিশ্রম করে সে জীবনে প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়।

Principal clause: The man can prosper in life. 
Defining adjective/relative clause:  who works hard.  

And it has modified the subject of Principal clause ‘The man. 

7. The mangoes which come from Rajshahi are sweet.

যে আমগুলো রাজশাহী থেকে আসে সে গুলো মিষ্টি।

Principal clause: The mangoes are sweet. 
Defining adjective/relative clause:which come from Rajshahi.  

And it has modified the subject of Principal clause ‘The mangoes. 

8. The water that flows through the pipe is polluted.

যে পানি পাইপের মধ্যদিয়ে প্রবাহিত হয় তা দূষিত।

Principal clause: The water is polluted. 
Defining adjective/relative clause:that flows through the pipe.  

 And it has modified the subject of Principal clause‘The water’. 

9. The dead body which was found last night has been identified. গতরাতে যে মৃতদেহটি পাওয়া গিয়েছিল সেটি সনাক্ত হয়েছে।

Principal clause: The dead body has been identified.  
Defining adjective/relative clause:which was found last night.  

 And it has modified the subject of Principal clause ‘The dead body’. 

10. The dead body, which has been identified, was found last night. যে মৃতদেহটি সনাক্ত হয়েছে সেটি গতরাতে পাওয়া গিয়েছিল।
Principal clause: The dead body was found last night.  
Non-defining adjective/relative clause: which has been identified and it has modified the subject of Principal clause ‘The dead body’. এখানে Subordinating clause টি Non-defining adjective/relative clause হওয়ায় এটি মূল Sentence থেকে কমা দ্বারা বিচ্ছিন্ন থাকে।  

11. The woman who lives next door is a doctor.

যে মহিলাটি পরের ঘরটিতে বাস করে সে একজন ডাক্তার। 
Principal clause: The woman is a doctor.
Defining adjective/relative clause: who lives next door.  

 And it has modified the subject of Principal clause ‘The woman’. 

12. The machine which broke down yesterday has now been repaired.
Principal clause: The machine has now been repaired.

Defining adjective/relative clause: which broke down yesterday and it has modified the subject of Principal clause ‘The machine’. 

13. Everything that happened was my fault.

যা কিছু ঘটেছিল প্রত্যেকটাই ছিল আমার অপরাধ।

Principal clause: Everything was my fault.

Defining adjective/relative clause: that happened

 and it has modified the subject of Principal clause ‘Everything’. 

14. The man who answered the phone told me you were away.
যে লোকটি আমার ফোনের জবাব দিয়েছিল সে বলছিল তুমি দূরে ছিলে।

Principal clause: The man told me you were away.

Defining adjective/relative clause: who answered the phone

 and it has modified the subject of Principal clause ‘The man’. 

15. The waitress who served us was very impolite and impatience. যে পরিচারকটি আমাদের সেবা দিয়েছিল সে ছিল চরম অভদ্র এবং অধৈর্যশীল।

Principal clause: The waitress was very impolite and impatience.

Defining adjective/relative clause: who served us  and it has modified the subject of Principal clause ‘The waitress’. 

16. The people who were arrested have now been released.
যে লোকগুলো গ্রেপ্তার হয়েছিল তারা এখন মুক্ত হয়েছে।

Principal clause: The people have now been released.

Defining adjective/relative clause: who were arrested and it has modified the subject of Principal clause ‘The people’. 

17. The building which/that was destroyed in the fire has now been rebuilt. যে ভবনটি আগুনে ধ্বংস হয়েছিল তা এখন পুনঃনির্মাণ হয়েছে।

Principal clause: The building has now been rebuilt.

Defining adjective/relative clause: which/that was destroyed in the fire and it has modified the subject of Principal clause ‘The building’. 

18. The man who was arrested last night has now been released. যে লোকটি গতরাতে গ্রেপ্তার হয়েছিল সে এখন মুক্ত হয়েছে।

Principal clause: The man has now been released.

Defining adjective/relative clause: who was arrested last night and it has modified the subject of Principal clause ‘The man’. 

19. The man who lives next door is very friendly.
যে লোকটি পরবর্তী ঘরে বাস করে সে খুব বন্ধুবাৎসল্য।

Principal clause: The man is very friendly.

Defining adjective/relative clause: who lives next door and it has modified the subject of Principal clause ‘The man’. 

20. Anyone who wants to do the exam must enter before next Friday. যে কেউ পরীক্ষা দিতে চাইলে আগামি শুক্রবারের পুর্বে প্রবেশ করতে হবে।
Principal clause: Anyone must enter before next Friday.

Defining adjective/relative clause: who wants to do the exam and it has modified the subject of Principal clause ‘Anyone’. 

 

Join the following pair of sentences into a complex sentence by using relative pronoun.    

1. His uncle Mr. Rab lives in Khulna. He is an English teacher.

Answer:

His uncle Mr. Rab, who is an English teacher, lives in Khulna.

Or, His uncle Mr. Rab, who lives in Khulna, is an English teacher.

Grammatical explanation:

এখানে দু’টি বাক্যের Subject অভিন্ন ব্যক্তি হওয়ায় যে কোন একটির Subject কে Relative pronoun দ্বারা Replacement করে Sentence টিকে Relative clause এ turn করতে হয়। তারপর Relative clause টিকে অপর বাক্যের Subject (Noun) এর modifier হিসেবে বসাতে হবে। আবার উক্ত বাক্যের Subject, His uncle Mr. Rab এর পরিচয় আগেই পাওয়াতে Relative clause টি Non-defining Relative clause হিসেবে বিবেচিত হবে এবং সামনে-পিছে দূ’টো কমা দ্বারা বাক্যের main flow থেকে বিচ্ছিন্ন থাকবে। যা উক্ত বাক্যে দেখানো হলো।

                       ― Raymond & Murphy

                                  And Liz &John Soar

                                   (Defining & non-defining clause.)

Similarly,

2. Shova’s sister is an athlete. She plays for Brothers Union.

Answer:

Shova’s sister, who plays for Brothers Union, is an athlete.

Or, Shova’s sister, who is an athlete,  plays for Brothers Union.

3. Rasel works as a tourist guide. He can speak English, Bengali, Spanish, and French. 

Answer:

Rasel,  who can speak English, Bengali, Spanish, and French, 

 works as a tourist guide.

Or, Rasel, who works as a tourist guide, can speak English, Bengali, Spanish, and French.

4. Salam was in a very bad mood. His car had broken down in the morning.

Answer:

Salam, whose car had broken down in the morning, was in a very bad mood.

5. The man was away on holiday.  l wanted to see him
এখানে বাক্য দু’টির Subject ভিন্ন ভিন্ন কিন্তু ১ম বাক্যের Subject ২য় বাক্যের Object.  তাই ২য় বাক্যের Object টিকে Relative pronoun এ Turn করে যেমন him এর স্থলে whom/ who লিখে ২য় বাক্যের শুরুতে বসিয়ে ২য় বাক্যটিকে Relative clause এ Turn করতে হবে। এবং ১ম বাক্যের Subject এর Modifier হিসেবে বসিয়ে Complex Sentence টি গঠন করতে হবে। যেমন―

The man whom/who l wanted to see was away on holiday.

এখানে উল্লেখ থাকে যে আধুনিক English এ who ব্যবহার হয়।

আবার যখন কোন বাক্যের Object কে Relative pronoun এ Turn করে Relative clause গঠন করা হয় এবং  Complex Sentence এর Subject এর Modifier হিসেবে বসে তখন Relative Pronoun টি উহ্য থাকতে পারে। যেমন―
The man was away on holiday.  l wanted to see him.

Relative clause: ‘who I wanted to see’
→The man I wanted to see was away on holiday.

Thus we can say:
6. The dress doesn’t fit her. Ann bought it.

Relative clause: ‘that Ann bought’
 →The dress that Ann bought doesn’t fit her.
or,  The dress Ann bought doesn’t fits her.

7. The bed wasn’t very comfortable.  I slept on it last night
Relative Clause: which/that I slept on last night

→The bed which/that I slept on last night wasn’t very comfortable.
or, The bed I slept on last night wasn’t very comfortable.

8. Are these the keys?  You are looking for them. 
Relative clause: ‘that/which you are looking for’

→ Are these the keys that/which  you are looking for?
or, Are these the keys you are looking for?

9. The building was damaged. They destroyed it.

Relative Pronon: ‘which/that they destroyed’

→ The building which/that they destroyed was damaged.

Or, The building they destroyed was damaged.

10. Some of my guest couldn’t’ come.

      I invited them to the party

Relative clause: ‘who I invited to the party’

→ Some of my guest who I invited to the party couldn’t’ come.
or, Some of my guest I invited to the party couldn’t’ come.

11. I’ve got a brother called Rab.

      He lives in Chittagong. He is an engineer.

Non-defining relative clause: ‘who lives in Chittagong’

→ My brother Rab, who lives in Chittagong, is an engineer.

12. John is one of my closest friends.

      I’ve known him for a very long time.       

Non-defining relative clause: ‘(who) I’ve known for a very long time’

→ John, who I’ve known for a very long time, is one of my closest friends

Or, John, I’ve known for a very long time, is one of my closest friends

13. A lot of people applied for a job.

      Few of them had the necessary qualification. 
Defining relative clause: ‘who applied for the job’

 → Few of the people who applied for the job had the necessary qualification.

* In some of these sentences you don’t need relative pronoun: which, who or that. If you don’t need relative pronoun put them in brackets like this.

The people (who) we met at the party were very friendly.

1. The man who lives next door is a journalist.
2. The people who work in the office are very friendly.
3. The people who I was talking to were very friendly.
4. Some of the people who I invited to the party couldn’t’ come.
5. The car that/ which we had hired broke down after a few miles.

6. The mango which/ that I have eaten isn’t sweet.
7. The mangoes which/that come for Rajshahi are sweet.
8. The building which/that was destroyed has now been rebuilt.
9. The building which/that they have rebuilt was damaged.

10. The boy who you helped yesterday is disgrateful.  

Answer:

1. The man who lives next door is a journalist.

যে লোকটা পরবর্তী ঘরে থাকে সে একজন সাংবাদিক।
2. The people who work in the office are very friendly.

যে লোকগুলো অফিসে কাজ করে তারা বেশ বন্ধু বাৎসল্য।
3. The people (who) I was talking to were very friendly.

আমি যে লোকগুলোর সাথে কথা বলছিলাম তারা বেশ বন্ধু বাৎসল্য।
4. Some of the people (who) I invited to the party couldn’t’ come.  কিছু লোক যাদের আমি দাওয়াত করেছিলাম তারা অনুষ্ঠানে আসতে পারেনি।
5. The car (that/ which) we had hired broke down after a few miles.  আমরা যে গাড়িটি ভাড়া করেছিলাম সেটি কয়েক মাইল পর নষ্ট হয়ে গিয়েছিল।   

6. The mango (which/ that) I have eaten isn’t sweet.

 আমি যে আমটি খেয়েছি সেটি মিষ্টি না।
7. The mangoes which/that come for Rajshahi are sweet.
 রাজশাহী থেকে যে আমগুলো আসে সেগুলো মিষ্টি।

8. The building which/that was destroyed has now been rebuilt.
যে ভবনটি ধ্বংস হয়ে গিয়েছিল সেটি পুণঃনির্মাণ করা হয়েছে।  

9. The building (which/that) they have rebuilt was damaged.

যে ভবনটি তারা পুণঃনির্মান করেছে সেটি নষ্ট হয়ে গিয়েছিল।

10. The boy (who) you helped yesterday is ungrateful. 

 গতকাল তুমি যে বালকটিকে সাহায্য করেছিলে সে খুবই অকৃতজ্ঞ।

b) Adjective clause is used in a complex sentence as the qualifier of an object/a complement:
RwUj ev‡K¨ object/ complement Gi qualifier wn‡m‡e adjective clause e¨eüZ nq †hgb ―

1. An architect is someone who designs buildings.

একজন স্থাপত্যকৌশলী হলো যে ভবনের নক্সা তৈরি করে।

এখানে Relative clause হলো ‘who designs building’ এবং এটি Principal clause এর Complement, someone কে Modify করেছে।

অর্থাৎ Complement, someone সম্পর্কে আরো কিছু বর্ণনা দেয়।

Defining relative clause:‘who designs building’ and it is used as the modifier of the complement of complex sentence ‘someone’.  

2. I don’t like stories that have unhappy endings.

আমি সে গল্পগুলো পছন্দ করি না যেগুলোর সমাপ্তি সুখের নয়।

Defining relative clause:‘that have unhappy endings’ and it is used as the modifier of the object of complex sentence ‘stories’. 

3. Do you know the man who lives next door?
পরের ঘরটিতে যে থাকে সে লোকটিকে তুমি কি চেনো?

Defining relative clause: ‘who lives next door’ and it is used as the modifier of the object of complex sentence ‘the man’. 

4.  The police have caught the men who stole my car.
Defining relative clause: ‘who stole my car’ and it is used as the modifier of the object of complex sentence ‘the men’. 

5.  Alexander Bell was the man, who invented the telephone.
Non-defining relative clause: ‘who invented the telephone’ and it is used as the modifier of the object of complex sentence ‘the man’. 

As above try to find out the relative clause and explain which word it modifies. 

6. A mystery is something which/that cannot be explained.
7. A dictionary is a book which/that gives you the meaning of words.
8. I don’t like the people who are never on time.
9. The earth may be only planed, that/which can support life.
10. Where is the cheese that was in the fridge?
11. Have you found the keys (that) you lost yesterday?
12. Is there anything (that) I can do?

Join the following pair of sentence into a complex sentence:

1. Tom is talking to a woman. Do you know her?

Defining relative clause: ‘who Tom is talking to’

→Do you know the woman who Tom is talking to? 
Or, Do you know the woman Tom is talking to?

2. I had the money. I gave her all the money.

Defining relative clause: ‘that I had’.

→ I gave her all the money that I had.

Or, I gave her all the money I had.

3. You lost the pen yesterday. Have you found it?

Defining relative clause: ‘that/which you lost yesterday’

→Have you found the pen that/which you lost yesterday?
Or, Have you found the pen you lost yesterday?  

4. Is there anything? I can do it.

Defining relative clause: ‘that/which  I can do’ 

 → Is there anything that/which I can do?
 Or, Is there anything I can do?
 

5. Where is my cell phone? I put it on the table.

Non-defining relative clause: ‘that/which I put on the table’  

→Where is my cell phone, that I put on the table?

Or, Where is my cell phone, I put on the table?

6. I went to see the doctor. He told me to rest for few days.

Non-def. relative clause: ‘who told me to rest for few days.

→ I went to see the doctor, who told me to rest for few days.

7. I’ve found the book now. I was looking for it morning.

Def. relative clause: (that/which) I was looking for morning’

→ Now I’ve found the book that/which I was looking for morning.

Or, Now I’ve found the book I was looking for morning.

**এখানে উল্লেখ থাকে যে the book হলো antecedent এবং  ‘that/which I was looking for morning’ হলো antecedent এর modifier. আর এদের মধ্যবর্তী স্থানে অন্য কোন শব্দ বা কোন Adverb কিংবা Adverbial modifier বসতে পারবে না। তাই  ‘now’ Adverb of time, modifier টি বাক্যের শুরুতে বসেছে।

8. We stayed at a hotel in Sylhet. You recommended it.

 Def. relative clause: which/that you recommended.

→ In Sylhet we stayed at the hotel which/ that you recommended.

Or, In Sylhet we stayed at the hotel you recommended.

9. We stayed at the Park hotel in Sylhet. You recommended it.

 Non-Def. relative clause: which/that you recommended.

→ In Sylhet we stayed at the Park hotel, which/ that you recommended.

Or, In Sylhet we stayed at the Park hotel, you recommended.

** 8 নং বাক্যে  hotel টির পরিচয় relative clause টি দিয়েছে তাই এটি Defining relative clause কিন্তু  9 নং বাক্যে hotel টির পরিচিতি আগেই পেয়ে গিয়েছি এবং relative clause টি hotel সম্পর্কে extra information দিয়েছে তাই এটি Non-defining relative clause যা কমা দ্বারা main clause থেকে বিচ্ছিন্ন আছে। এখানে দেখা যাচ্ছে যে গঠনের দিক থেকে Defining relative clause এবং Non-defining relative clause এর মধ্যে কোন পার্থক্য নেই বরং বাক্যে ভূমিকাতেই শুধু পার্থক্য।  

10. Amy showed me a photograph of a person. He’s a policeman. 

Def. relative clause: ‘who is a policeman’

→ Amy showed me a photograph of a person who’s a policeman.

11.  Amy showed me a photograph of her son. He’s a policeman. 

Non-Def. relative clause: ‘who is a policeman’

→ Amy showed me a photograph of her son, who’s a policeman.

12.A man lives next door. Do you know him?

Def. relative clause: ‘Who lives next door’

 → Do you know the man who lives next door?

13. A man called Zahid lives next door. Do you know him?

Non-def. relative clause: ‘Who lives next door’

 → Do you know the man called Zahid, who lives next door?

14. A dictionary is a book. It gives you the meaning of words.

Def. relative clause: ‘which/that gives you the meaning of words’

 → A dictionary is a book which/that gives you the meaning

of words.

15. A car had been bought last year. Did you damage it?

Def. relative clause: ‘that had been bought last year’

 → Did you damage the car that had been bought last year?

16. It was the worst one. I have ever seen the films.

Def. relative clause: ‘that I have ever seen’

 → It was the worst film that I have ever seen.

17. The thing has ever happened to me. It was the worst one.  

Def. relative clause: ‘that has ever happened to me’

→ It was the worst thing that has ever happened to me.

18. My mother bought me a dress last year. I like it.

 Def. relative clause: ‘that my mother bought me last year’

→ I like the dress that my mother bought me last year.

19. The black dress was bought for you. Do you like it?

Non-Def. relative clause: ‘that was bought for you’

Do you like the black dress, that was bought for you?
 

c) Adjective clause is used in a complex sentence as the modifier/qualifier of an object  of a preposition:
RwUj ev‡K¨ preposition এর object Gi Modifier wn‡m‡e adjective/relatibe clause e¨eüZ nq †hgb ―

1. Rahim works for a company.  It makes washing machine.

→Rahim works for a company that makes washing machine.
রহিম একটি কোম্পানিতে কাজ করে সেটি ওয়াশিং মেশিন প্রস্তুত করে।

Relative clause: ‘that makes washing machine’ and it modifies the noun ‘company’. It is used in the main clause as the object of preposition ‘for’. 

অর্থাৎ ‘that makes washing machine’ Relative clause টি main clause এ preposition ‘for’ এর object ‘company’ কে modify করেছে বা এর সম্পর্কে ধারনা দিয়েছে।   

5. He works for a company.  It produces man’s shoes.
→He works for a company that produces man’s shoes.

সে একটি কোম্পানিতে কাজ করে সেটি পুরুষের জুতা উৎপাদন করে।

Relative clause: ‘that produces man’s shoes’ and it modifies the noun ‘company’. It is used in the main clause as the object of preposition ‘for’. 

6. Rana works in a shop. It sells garments.

→Rana works in a shop that sells garments.
রানা একটি দোকানে কাজ করে সেটি পোষাক বিক্রয় করে।

Relative clause: ‘that sells garments’ and it modifies the noun ‘shop’. It is used in the main clause as the object of preposition ‘in’. 

7. The book is about a girl. She ran away from home.

→The book is about a girl who ran away from home.

 এই বইটি হলো একজন বালিকাকে নিয়ে যে বাড়ি থেকে পালিয়ে গিয়েছিল।

Relative clause: ‘who ran away from home’ and it modifies the noun ‘girl’. It is used in the main clause as the object of preposition ‘about’.

8. What was the name of the horse? It won the race.
→What was the name of the horse that/which won the race?

ঘোড়াটির নাম কি ছিল যেটি প্রতিযোগিতায় বিজয়ী হয়েছিল?

Relative clause: ‘that/which won the race’ and it modifies the noun ‘horse’. It is used in the main clause as the object of preposition ‘of’.

9. Colin told me about his new job. He is enjoying it very much.

→ Colin told me about his new job, that he is enjoying very much. কলিন আমাকে তার নতুন চাকুরি সম্পর্কে বলছিল যে সে এটা যথেষ্ট উপভোগ করছে।

Non-def. relative clause: ‘that he is enjoying very much’ and it modifies the noun ‘job’. It is used in the main clause as the object of preposition ‘about’.

10. The picture was on the wall.  What has happened to it?
→What has happened to the picture that/which was on the wall? যে ছবিটা দেয়ালে ছিল সেটার কি হয়েছে?
Relative clause: ‘that/which was on the wall’ and it modifies the noun ‘picture’. It is used in the main clause as the object of preposition ‘to’.

11. The man lent you the money. What was the name of him?
→ What was the name of the man who lent you the money?

যে লোকটা তোমাকে টাকা ধার দিয়েছিল তাঁর নাম কি?
Relative clause: ‘who lent you the money’ and it modifies the noun ‘man’. It is used in the main clause as the object of preposition ‘of’.

12. You’re going to watch a film .What is the name of it?

→ What is the name of the film that/which you’re going to watch?  তোমরা যে ফিল্মটা দেখতে যাচ্ছ এটার নাম কি?
Relative clause: ‘that/which you’re going to watch’ and it modifies the noun ‘film’. It is used in the main clause as the object of preposition ‘of’.

** Non-defining relative clause with ‘Preposition + Relative peonoun’:

1. Mr. Rahman is very interested in our proposal.  I talked to him at the meeting.

Non-def. relative clause: ‘to whom I talked at the meeting’   

Or, ‘who I talked to at the meeting’

→Mr. Rahman , to whom I talked at the meeting, is very interested in our proposal. 

Or, Mr. Rahman , who I talked to at the meeting, is very interested in our proposal. 

আমি সভায় যার সাথে কথা বলেছিলাম তিনি রহমান সাহেব, আমাদের প্রস্তাবে অতি আগ্রহী।  

2. Fortunately we had a map. Without it we would have got lost.

Non-def. relative clause: ‘without which we would have got lost’   

→Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost. ভাগ্যক্রমে আমাদের একটি ম্যাপ ছিল, যা না থাকলে আমরা হারিয়ে যেতে পারতাম।

3. This is my friend from Canada.  I was telling you about him before.

Non-def. relative clause: ‘about whom I was telling you before’

→This is my friend from Canada, about whom I was telling you before.এ আমার বন্ধু কানাডা থেকে এসেছে, যার সম্পর্কে আমি তোমাকে আগে বলেছিলাম।   

Or, My friend is from Canada.  I was telling you about him before.

Non-def. relative clause: ‘about whom I was telling you before’

→My friend, about whom I was telling you before, is from Canada. আমি তোমাকে আমার যে বন্ধু সম্পর্কে আগে বলেছিলাম, সে কানাডা থেকে এসেছে।  .

4. Marry has three brothers. All of them are married.

Non-def. relative clause: ‘all of whom are married’

→ Marry has three brothers, all of whom are married.

মেরির তিন ভাই যারা সবাই বিবাহিত।

5. They asked me a lot of questions. I couldn’t answer most of them.

Non-def. relative clause: ‘most of which I couldn’t answer’

→ They asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer. তারা আমাকে অনেকগুলো প্রশ্ন করলো, যার অধিকাংশ আমি উত্তর দিতে পারিনি।   

6. Martin tried on three jackets. None of them fitted him.

Non-def. relative clause: ‘none of which fitted him’

→ Martin tried on three jackets, none of which fitted him.

মতিন তিনটা জেকেট গায়ে দিল, যার একটিও তার ফিট হয় না। 

7. Two men came into the office.

 I had seen neither of one before,

Non-def. relative clause: ‘neither of whom I had seen before’

→Two men, neither of whom I had seen before, came into the office.

8. They have got three cars.  They rarely use two of them.

Non-def. relative clause: ‘two of which they rarely use. ’

 →They have got three cars, two of which they rarely use.

তাদের তিনটি গাড়ি আছে, যার দু’টো খুব কম ব্যবহার করে। 

9. We stayed at a beautiful hotel.  I can’t remember the name of that now.   

Non-def. relative clause:

‘the name of which I can’t remember now’    

→We stayed at a beautiful hotel, the name of which I can’t remember now. আমরা একটি সুন্দর হোটেলে ছিলাম, যার নাম আমি এখন মনে করতে পারিনা।     

** They have got three cars.  এখানে ‘have got’ Present Simple Tense এ Verb এর একটি বিশেষ গঠন।

অর্থাৎ They have got three cars. এবং  They have three cars. একই অর্থ ব্যক্ত করে। পার্থক্য হলো ১ম বাক্যে have হলো Auxiliary verb এবং ২য় বাক্যে have হলো Principal verb.

আবার এদের Negative বা Interrogative করলে নিম্ন্রূপ হবে―

They have got three cars.

Negative: They haven’t got three cars.

Interrogative: Have they got three cars?

Again,

They have three cars.

Negative: They don’t have three cars.    

Interrogative: Do the have three cars. 

 ―  Liz & John Soars.

Now you try to explain the followings:

Read the following sentences and in each sentences

a)  find out the adjective/relative clauses.

b)  say which word it modifies in the main clause.

c) in the case of non-defining clause use the punctuation mark properly.

1. Are these the keys (that/which) you are looking for?
2.  Everything (that) they said was true.
3. My brother Shahed who’s a doctor lives in Canada.

4. The teacher who taught us English has left the country.
5. The student who reads attentively can’t fail in the exam.
6. The man who works hard can prosper in life.

7. The mangoes which/that come from Rajshahi are sweet.
8. The water that flows through the pipe is polluted.
9. The dead body which/that was found last night has

     been identified.

10. The dead body which/that has been identified was

      found last night.
11. The woman by name Safia who lives next door is a doctor.
12. The machine which broke down has now been repaired.
13. Everything that happened was my fault.
14. The man who answered the phone told me you were away.
15. The waitress by name Alam who served us was very

       impolite and impatience.
16. The people who/that were arrested have now been released.
17. The building Tareque Plaza which/ that was destroyed in

       the fire has now been rebuilt.
18. The man who/that was arrested have now been released.
19. The building which that was destroyed in the fire has now

      been rebuilt.
20. The man who/that lives next door is friendly.
21. Anyone who wants to take the exam must enter before

     next Friday
22. My friend Arif who l wanted to see was away on holiday.
Or, My friend Arif I wanted to see was away on holiday.
23. The dress that Ann bought doesn’t fit her.
Or, The dress Ann bought doesn’t fit her.

24. The bed that I slept in last night wasn’t very comfortable.
Or, The bed I slept in last night wasn’t very comfortable.
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